Presence of materials or substances in the atmosphere that pose risks to people and the environment.

The degree to which the air is free of pollutants, such as ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particles. These substances come from emissions of natural or anthropogenic origin, which alone or as a result of physical-chemical reactions affect our health, how ecosystems function, and the degradation of materials.

An essential element for storing the energy generated by renewable sources, especially wind and photovoltaic solar due to their intermittent production, as well as for powering electric vehicles and other means of transportation. In recent years, there has been, on the one hand, a significant decrease in costs that is allowing for their expansion, and on the other hand, research efforts to find new minerals that are not critical raw materials. However, there are differences in competitiveness, maturity, and scale between the batteries used in electric vehicles (light-duty, medium-sized, or trucks), which have been highly developed and competitive for years, and the batteries for storing large amounts of energy, which have not yet reached the level of maturity of the former.

Also known as biological diversity, it is the variability of living organisms from any source, including land, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the complex ecosystems they are part of. In other words, it includes diversity within each species, between species, and within ecosystems. Its wealth, protection, and conservation promote the preservation of ecosystems.

Renewable fuels obtained from organic matter. They are characterized by having net CO2 emissions in their life cycle up to 90% lower than traditional fuels. First-generation biofuels are those derived from crops specifically grown for this purpose, while second-generation biofuels are generated from organic waste, such as used cooking oils or agricultural or livestock waste.

A renewable gas that is obtained from the decomposition of organic waste from industries such as food, agriculture, and livestock. It can be compressed and transported through pipelines, but it is already being used for self-consumption by farmers and the industries that generate it. It is used for both electricity generation and heat production. Especially important is biomethane, a type of renewable, combustible gas obtained from biogas which is subjected to a subsequent enrichment and concentration process known as “upgrading.”

Organic matter produced by plants and animals and the materials that come from its natural or artificial transformation. It can be a source of renewable energy and is mainly used to produce heat and electricity. The most common is firewood, which is still used in many countries of the global south as the main energy source.

Chemical element on which life is based. Its chemical properties allow it to bond with a large number of different atoms to form huge, complex molecules. In fact, the chemistry of carbon is so diverse that it is capable of forming more chemical compounds than all the other elements on the periodic table combined. With oxygen, it forms carbon dioxide, which is vital for the growth of plants, and with hydrogen it forms numerous compounds generically called hydrocarbons.

Set of technologies aimed at capturing, transporting, and permanently storing the CO2 that would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere. The captured CO2 can be used in multiple ways, for example, to produce fuels such as ammonia and methanol, which are in turn molecules that can transport renewable hydrogen.

An environmental indicator that reflects the sum of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by an individual, organization, event, product, or during the course of a process or activity. Everything from industry to each of our daily activities, such as traveling, charging a mobile phone, or doing laundry, generates gases that accumulate in the atmosphere and can be measured, with the goal of changing our habits to have a lower impact.

Also known as CI, it refers to the number of CO2 emissions per unit of energy in a specific industrial activity or production process, an index that can be applied, for example, to a country’s GDP. It serves to quantify the process of reducing emissions from companies, activities, or geographical areas.

Natural (oceans, forests, and soils) or artificial deposits that store carbon by removing it from the atmosphere and contribute to reducing the amount of CO2 in the air. It is estimated that natural sinks are only capable of absorbing 32% of current emissions.

A production and consumption model that prioritizes sharing, reusing, repairing, renewing, and recycling existing materials and products as often as possible to minimize waste, save energy, and reduce the use of raw materials. It is the opposite of single-use products or the linear economic model.

Set of initiatives to address climate change and adapt to its consequences, whether they are public policies, financing programs, business actions or social mobilizations. The most relevant “climate action” is reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but other important actions include changes in mobility, a new concept of reurbanization based on nature, changes in industry, rational use of water, reforestation, etc. Climate actions have taken on great importance in the last decade and are one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the UN (SDG 13).

Change in climate attributed by the international scientific community to human activity, either directly or indirectly, that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and adds to the natural variability of climate observed during comparable periods of time.

Law 7/2021 of May 20, which responds to Spain’s international commitments to center the fight against climate change and the energy transition in its political action. It is the main regulatory instrument for achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement in terms of facilitating the decarbonization of the Spanish economy. It talks about the obligation to limit emissions, to modify sectoral policies, and it implies changes in consumption patterns. Each autonomous community must have its own law, complying with the minimum standards set by national legislation.

Refers to the idea that net emissions of greenhouse gases are balanced and equal to or less than those eliminated through the planet's natural absorption, such as oceans, forests, and other natural carbon sinks.

Acronym for Conference of the Parties, the annual summit held by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which brings together the 196 countries that make up the Parties. It has its origins in the Earth Summit organized in Rio in 1992, and the first COP was held in 1995 in Berlin. Since then, it has taken place annually (except in 2020 due to the pandemic), with the most notable being COP 3 in 1997, when the Kyoto Protocol was approved, and COP 21 in 2015 due to the Paris Agreement.

Materials identified by the European Commission as needing special attention due to their economic importance and the high risk that a supply interruption would pose for the EU. These materials include lithium and cobalt, which are found in our mobile phones and electronic devices; indium oxide and tin for liquid crystal displays (LCDs); silicon and smaller but essential amounts of platinum group metals necessary for the internal electronic control of almost all modern electrical appliances; and neodymium, a component of external hard drive magnets and computers.

Process of reducing atmospheric carbon emissions, mainly of carbon dioxide (CO2). It is one of the central pillars of ecological sustainability, as it is one of the main causes of climate change.

The process by which forest land is destroyed, either for commercial use, infrastructure development, or due to fires. Given that forests are the main carbon stores of our planet, their disappearance constitutes one of the main problems in the fight against climate change.

A practice that aims to reduce the environmental impact of any product or service at all stages of its life cycle, from its creation as a concept to its treatment as waste.

Indicator that measures the impact of human actions on the environment. It is calculated taking into account the necessary surface area to meet the demand for resources and to absorb the waste this demand generates.

Community or set of living beings that interact with each other and with their environment in a specific area, which can be a large region or very small areas.

A means of transportation that uses electric energy for propulsion instead of gasoline or gas combustion. Its main advantages are that it does not produce emissions during use, although it may produce emissions inasmuch as the generation plant where its electricity comes from does, and its efficiency is 75%/80% compared to the 30%/35% of combustion. The penetration of electric vehicles (in all their versions) in Spain (4.9%) is still low compared to Nordic countries, for example, but the automotive industry has already accepted that it is the future. One of the key factors for their development is having an adequate network of charging points.

An essential process in the energy transition so that as many energy uses as possible that until now have been carried out through the combustion of fossil fuels, are done using electricity. Two examples are getting rid of gas boilers for DHW (domestic hot water) and heating and replacing them with heat pumps, or using electric vehicles instead of combustion vehicles for transportation.

Process by which the elements of a chemical compound are separated using electric current, and by which hydrogen is separated from the water molecule. If electricity comes from renewable sources, so-called green or renewable hydrogen is obtained.

Sending carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases to the atmosphere; these gases are called greenhouse gases because they trap the heat from the sun within the atmosphere, causing an increase in Earth's temperature. Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, signatory countries commit to having plans to reduce GHG emissions, while Europe, in the Fit for 55, has set a specific goal to reduce member countries' emissions by 55% by 2030. They are distinguished between scope 1 emissions, direct emissions produced by the burning of fuels by the emitter; scope 2 emissions, which are indirect emissions generated by purchased and consumed electricity, heat or steam; and scope 3 emissions, those that come from the product or service value chain and are not controlled by the emitter.

The ability of bodies and matter to perform work. There is a distinction between primary energy, which refers to its origin (oil, coal, sun, wind, etc.), and final energy, which defines its use (gasoline, heat, electricity, etc.). In Spain, in 2021 primary energy came mostly from petroleum products (42.8%), followed by natural gas (25%), renewables (16.5%), and nuclear (12.5%). As for final energy, petroleum products account for 48.2%, natural gas for 18.8%, and electricity only for 24.8% of final consumption.

Amount of energy used to carry out a specific process or meet certain needs. Reducing energy consumption through savings and efficiency, but also from the conception of a product or service, is one of the priorities of the ecological transition.

Is determined by the amount of energy that a country imports to meet its needs, whether it be primary energy such as oil or gas, or final energy such as fuels, electricity, etc. Spain is one of the European countries that currently has the highest energy dependence from abroad, with a rate of 67.8%, while the EU average is 57.5%. The Russian invasion of Ukraine clearly exposed the vulnerability of countries that excessively depend on external energy sources. Spain’s potential for generating renewable energy (wind and solar) to produce vectors such as green hydrogen will contribute to minimizing energy dependence.

The use of the least amount of energy possible without sacrificing the product or service provided, for example, by using low-consumption light bulbs, while energy savings would consist of turning off the light when it is not necessary. Efficiency is technology, selection of materials, design, energy rehabilitation of buildings, but it is also a change in habits and assuming a different culture of energy consumption.

Also known as energy matrix, it is the set of technologies that provide energy in a specific space or activity. In the Spanish electric mix, the main technologies are wind, nuclear, combined cycles, and photovoltaic.

Set of facilities for generating final energy from primary energy sources that sometimes includes various technologies such as refineries, green hydrogen parks, photovoltaic or biofuel production.

Set of actions that can be carried out on the facades, roofs, and installations of buildings to reduce energy consumption, improve the comfort of their inhabitants, and as way to adapt to climate change. It is one of the priorities of the energy transition in order to alleviate the energy waste that is currently produced in the housing sector in Spain, where only 5% of buildings are in the top three categories of energy labeling.

Set of practices to use only the energy that is necessary without giving up the goods and services that it provides us. Along with efficiency and renewable energies, it constitutes one of the three pillars of the energy transition.

Situation in which the supply of the energy needed to meet demand is guaranteed, usually for a country or continent, through external supply and the generation of domestic sources. It is one of the three pillars of the energy transition, along with environmental sustainability and economic sustainability.

Accumulation of energy through the use of various technologies, with hydroelectric pumping and batteries standing out for their volume. This is one of the keys to the energy transition, especially in the electricity sector, given the intermittence in the generation of renewable energies, which are fundamental to shifting the energy paradigm.

Action of providing the energy (whether it be electricity, gas, fuels, etc.) required by consumer demand. Energy supply security is an essential element related mainly to the energy dependence of each country, continent, or activity.

A process that aims to transform the use of energy in order to prevent global greenhouse gas emissions by moving from a model based on fossil fuels — gas, oil, and coal — to one that is based on the principles of conservation, efficiency, and the use of renewable energy sources. This process also involves developing other important concepts such as the democratization of energy, distributed generation, and ensuring energy access.

Medium, device, or substance that has the capacity to store and transport a certain amount of energy previously generated by primary sources, energy that can be subsequently released in a controlled manner at a specific place and time. Hydrogen (green or conventional) is an energy carrier, as well as batteries or hydraulic pumping, among others.

The effect that human activity has on the environment, also known as anthropogenic impact, and which represents a disruption of the environmental balance. Some of the most frequent environmental impacts are: air pollution, water pollution (seas, rivers, groundwater), impact on biodiversity, etc.

Document issued by a public administration that reports on the consequences, impacts, effects, or general compliance with environmental regulations of a specific project, activity, service, or product. Prior to the statement, an environmental assessment is carried out, which is a technical and administrative procedure in which all aspects related to environmental protection are taken into consideration to approve, deny, or modify plans, projects, or programs submitted for consideration. A public consultation is also carried out prior to the environmental impact statement.

Commitment of administrations, companies and citizens to the care and development of environments, by assessing the ecological impact of an activity or action and acting accordingly. Beyond environmental responsibility as established in regulations, society increasingly demands a greater commitment to respecting the environment and sustainability as a guiding principle.

ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) is an acronym that measures a company's ability to manage long-term sustainability risks and its performance in addressing issues related to this field.

Package of political initiatives approved by the European Commission in 2020, whose name comes from the “Green New Deal,” aimed at promoting the ecological transition with the objective of achieving climate neutrality by 2050. The Deal has a holistic and cross-sectoral approach that aims to implement measures in the areas of climate, environment, energy, transportation, industry, agriculture, and finance.

Natural resources (gas, oil, and coal) that have taken thousands of years to generate from decomposing plants and other organisms, whose combustion, due to their high carbon content, is a great source for generating energy. This combustion emits CO2 and other gases. Today they cover 75% of global energy demand.

Substance obtained by mixing different chemical compounds and used as a fuel when mixed with air to operate internal combustion engines.

A technology that allows for the use of heat from the Earth's interior, which typically maintains a constant temperature throughout the year, to heat and provide hot water for buildings and homes. This is achieved through the use of heat pumps and an exchanger that transfers the temperature from the ground to the buildings. In winter, the pump absorbs heat from the ground and releases it into the building, and in summer the opposite process occurs by absorbing heat from the building and transferring it to the ground. In the case of high enthalpy geothermal energy (more heat), heat is also used to generate electricity.

Also known as renewable ammonia, a chemical compound obtained from the reaction between green hydrogen and nitrogen, both CO2 neutral elements. It is presented as a sustainable alternative with a lower carbon footprint, with a multitude of applications in industry and other sectors that until now have used conventional or gray ammonia obtained from natural gas.

Colloquial term for electricity produced from renewable energies.

Connection via sea to transport green hydrogen generated in areas with high potential for renewable energy to regions with high consumption. One of the most important ones that is already approved will connect the port of Algeciras, which will draw from the generation of the so-called Andalusian Green Hydrogen Valley, to the port of Rotterdam, from which it will be distributed to the countries of northern Europe.

Geographical area where the production and consumption of green hydrogen is facilitated locally. It is a concept created by the EU to facilitate the development of the hydrogen economy by bringing production closer to consumption points and making export possible. In Spain, the main experience at the moment is the Andalusian Green Hydrogen Valley project, which is already underway.

Energy vector resulting from a chemical production process for molecules using raw materials such as biomass and waste, to obtain second-generation biofuels, green hydrogen, or by-products such as green ammonia.

Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical element in nature, and when obtained through electrolysis from renewable sources (such as solar or wind energy), that is, by breaking down water molecules (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2) using renewable energy, this hydrogen is green or renewable. This is a clean energy that only emits water vapor and leaves no residue in the air, and both green hydrogen and its by-products are essential in the energy transition to decarbonize difficult-to-electrify sectors, such as air, maritime, and heavy-duty land transportation. As an interesting note, this gas has been used as a fuel since the early 19th century for cars, airships, and spacecraft.

Transfer of goods or any object that requires a vehicle whose maximum authorized weight is over six tons and whose load capacity exceeds three and a half tons, a characteristic that conditions the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable ones or their electrification.

A means of transportation that uses both an electric motor and a combustion engine for propulsion, usually gasoline, although it can also be diesel. The two engines can work together or separately to power the vehicle. The traction battery is charged both by a generator that is powered by the combustion engine and by regenerative braking, which takes advantage of the energy generated when reducing speed and braking. Plug-in hybrids can be recharged with an external power source, allowing for a greater range in electric mode.

A service or storage facility for hydrogen that dispenses it, either in fuel cells or as a raw material. The Hydrogen Roadmap, designed by the Spanish government, sets a goal of having 150 to 200 public-use hydrogen stations by 2030.

Also known as the Fourth Industrial Revolution, it is a new way of producing by using solutions focused on interconnectivity, automation, and real-time data. This denomination is based on the fusion of technologies, eliminating the boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological spheres.

A means of transportation that has a thermal engine (diesel or reciprocating) in which a portion of the energy released from burning fuel is transformed into work, i.e., movement, while the rest, around 70%, is released as thermal losses.

Strategy aimed at ensuring that the changes brought about by the energy transition — particularly abandoning certain technologies — do not harm workers, territories, and society in general. Just transition plans seek to minimize these impacts by creating opportunities for these territories and for workers through by developing new activities inherent to a green, low-carbon economy.

Urban areas with restricted access for certain vehicles due to the emissions they produce, with the objective of improving air quality. In Spain, LEZs are mandatory in all municipalities with more than 50,000 inhabitants and also apply to those with more than 20,000 inhabitants that exceed the maximum pollution levels.

Planning instrument that the EU requires each Member State to have, which in the case of Spain was approved in 2020 and was updated in 2023. Its main objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 23% compared to 1990, a goal that will increase to 32% in 2024. This goal involves eliminating one out of every three tons of greenhouse gases currently being emitted. This is an effort consistent with an increase in ambition at the European level for 2030, as well as with the Paris Agreement.

Movement or trend that seeks to go beyond strict compliance with environmental regulations and aspires to generate positive impacts for people and society, through actions linked to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria.

Result of initiatives or projects that is achieved by offsetting the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the consumption of an energy source with the raw materials necessary for its production.

Binary gaseous chemical compounds formed by the combination of oxygen and nitrogen. The most common formation process of these inorganic compounds is combustion at high temperatures. They encompass both nitrogen monoxide (NO) and dioxide (NO2).

(Fit for 55) of the European Union Set of measures aimed at reviewing and updating EU legislation and implementing initiatives in order to ensure that European policies are aligned with the climate goals agreed upon in 2022 by the Council and the European Parliament, with the aim of reducing emissions by 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The previous objective of the EU set this reduction at 40%, while in Spain's Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for 2020 the objective is 23%, although the new version to be approved in 2024 raises it to 32%.

The most important international treaty on climate change. It was adopted on December 12, 2015 within the framework of COP 21 and includes the “legally binding” commitment of 195 nations (as of early 2021, 189 had ratified it) to reduce emissions that limit global warming during this century well below 2 degrees Celsius, and preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. The second pillar of this agreement is the commitment to collaborate on adapting to the consequences of climate change. It was a milestone because, for the first time, both developed and developing countries committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide emissions.

Spanish acronym for the Strategic Projects for Economic Recovery and Transformation provided for in the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan approved by the Spanish Government in 2020. They are instruments for public/private collaboration to promote strategic initiatives with great potential for driving the economic growth, employment and competitiveness of the Spanish economy. They are funded by the EU and there are calls for applications in eleven different fields, such as renewables, water, green hydrogen, electric vehicles, etc.

Renewable energy obtained from harnessing solar radiation. Photovoltaics generate electricity on plates or panels that, due to their characteristics, take advantage of the photoelectric effect, while solar thermal energy concentrates the sun's heat through mirrors or parabolic cylinders in a circuit to operate a generator. The significant decrease in installation costs and its versatility, serving both small domestic installations and large-scale parks, have made photovoltaics a key technology in the energy transition; they already generated 12% of electricity in Spain in 2023, reaching over 20% in the summer. It is the technology used, almost exclusively, in electricity self-consumption.

Materials made up of organic or synthetic compounds derived from organic materials such as cellulose, coal, natural gas, and, primarily, petroleum. They have the property of being malleable and can therefore be molded into solid objects of various shapes. This property gives plastics a wide range of applications. Plastic takes more than 200 years to begin degrading when released into nature, and it is estimated that currently an average of thirteen million tons of plastic is dumped into the oceans each year, constituting one of the most serious environmental problems.

Common name for seventeen chemical elements, such as scandium and yttrium, which are used for various purposes and especially to manufacture essential elements for the development of renewable energies, such as the magnets used in wind turbines. They are also important in the defense sector. They are called “rare” because the minerals that contain them are very scarce and their location and availability are very limited.

Process of collecting and transforming materials to turn them into new products that would otherwise be discarded as waste. Recycling reduces the consumption of new raw materials and the use of energy. It is the third component of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle). The most common recyclable materials are paper and cardboard, glass, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, some plastics, fabrics and textiles, wood, and electronic components.

Treated wastewater that has undergone an additional or complementary treatment process that allows its quality to be adapted to its intended use.

A biofuel produced by refining organic waste that does not compete with food, such as used cooking oils or agricultural or livestock waste (in the case of second-generation fuels), in a hydrogenation process (HDRD). It is used on its own as an alternative to petroleum diesel or blended with petroleum diesel.

Is generated from sources found in nature, such as the sun, water, and wind. It does not produce emissions when used and is inexhaustible. Renewable energy sources are distributed throughout the planet and can be used in small domestic installations, large photovoltaic plants, or wind farms with the same power as thermal power plants. Globally, renewables account for 14.2% of primary energy consumption; in Europe, 19.3%; and in Spain, 16.5%. In 2022, renewables generated 42.7% of the electricity produced in the Spanish electricity system.

Those made from non-fossil raw materials such as biomass or water, among others. This concept includes biofuels, synthetic fuels or e-fuels, and methanol. They are neutral in carbon dioxide emissions, since the amount emitted is equivalent to the amount captured for their synthesis.

Any gas that comes from or is produced from renewable sources. They include biomethane, which is the most developed technology, green hydrogen, and synthetic gas obtained from surplus renewable energy. These gases are considered essential for achieving emission reduction goals, improving air quality, increasing renewable energy penetration, and advancing the circular economy.

Action that allows natural resources and discarded goods or products (called waste) to be used again and given a new use, whether it be the same or different from the one they were originally intended for. It involves generating less waste and using fewer resources (raw materials, water, energy, etc.) to produce others.

Sustainable Aviation Fuel is a liquid fuel currently used in commercial aviation that significantly reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. It can be produced from various sources (raw materials), such as used cooking oils and residual fats, green and municipal waste, and crops that do not compete with the food sector. In this case, it is a second-generation (2G) biofuel. It can also be produced synthetically from green carbon and hydrogen, for example, by capturing CO2 directly from the air; in this case, it is a renewable fuel of non-biological origin (RFNBO, or also e-fuel). SAF represents the best and fastest way to decarbonize air transportation, which is responsible for 2% of global emissions, without the need to change engine technology or the infrastructure for storage and transport of SAF. This makes this sustainable alternative more competitive compared to other less economically and technically viable options.

Generation of electricity to be consumed in the same place of production, allowing companies and individuals to produce part or all of the energy they require for their activities. The current development of self-consumption is mainly based on the use of photovoltaic solar energy.

Gas that is produced during the combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulfur, especially in high-temperature industrial processes and electricity generation. It has adverse effects on health, biodiversity, soils, and ecosystems. State and European regulations have established the mandatory implementation of desulfurization processes.

Seventeen global goals adopted by the United Nations in September 2015 to ensure prosperity for all and protection of the planet, and which serve as a guide for a new sustainable development agenda. They include the eradication of poverty and hunger; ensuring education and health; number thirteen, which encourages taking action for the climate; and number seven, which seeks to “guarantee access to affordable, safe, sustainable, and modern energy.”

Metropolises capable of meeting the needs of their population while minimizing their environmental impact, reducing emissions, and adapting to the consequences of climate change. It is another way of viewing urban planning, where sustainable mobility and energy conditioning of buildings are key pillars to achieve sustainability. Sustainable cities are the eleventh Sustainable Development Goal. Currently, 60% of the world's population lives in

The use of products and services that minimize the utilization of natural resources and energy and the generation of toxic materials and waste; it involves adopting trends and lifestyles with a lower environmental impact.

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations, ensuring a balance between economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being, according to the definition approved in 1987 by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development.

Takes into account social and environmental factors and adopts an ethical approach when making investment decisions, following ESG criteria; its objective is to encourage the necessary processes of change and adaptation to move towards a more sustainable and inclusive society.

A model focused on the movement of people that seeks to reduce the environmental impact of emissions generated by the current system, which is primarily based on the use of fossil fuels, both in private vehicles and in public transportation, maritime or air transport. The ecological transition demands mobility that is not only environmentally more sustainable, but also has a low social and energy cost. Changing urban design to reduce travel, making city centers pedestrian-only, promoting the use of bicycles or scooters, prioritizing public transportation, decarbonizing air or sea transportation, and facilitating the development of electric vehicles are measures that large cities are taking to achieve sustainable mobility.

Use and control of water resources in a responsible and efficient manner, taking into account various factors such as efficiency in use, land management, citizen participation, regulations, technology, economy, conservation of supply networks, and consumption control. greenwashing Marketing tactic based on creating a false image of environmental responsibility for a product, service, or brand.

Sector responsible for 27% of emissions in Spain, whose decarbonization is one of the main challenges of the energy transition, both in urban mobility and in heavy-duty road, maritime, and air transportation. In addition to considering an increase in the role of the railway, the debate is whether heavy-duty vehicles will use electricity, hydrogen, or renewable fuels.

Activity whose objective is to reuse the material from discarded products and give it a new life through its reuse to create an appropriate recycling chain. There are fundamentally two types of recovery: energy recovery, through the incineration of waste which produces fuels such as biogas or biomethane or electric energy; and recovery of solid materials, such as cardboard, plastic, glass, and organic waste.

Situation created by extracting more fresh water than is available during a certain period of time or when its use is restricted due to its low quality as a result of pollution. Hydrologists measure water scarcity by taking into account the relationship between water/population. Nature-based solutions, such as the conservation and restoration of water ecosystems, reforestation of watersheds, and the implementation of techniques for rainwater harvesting and regeneration, are key to addressing water stress in a sustainable manner.

Volume of water that is naturally found in different physical states and is potentially available for use in various human activities, whether domestic, agricultural, or industrial.

Produced by the force of the wind through the use of wind turbines. It is the main technology in the Spanish electrical system, contributing 25% of generation, while in the world it represents 10.5%. In Spain, there are more than 1,300 wind parks and with 30,200 MW it is the second country in Europe in installed power after Germany and the sixth in percentage of electricity generation. Its use can be carried out on land, onshore wind; or at sea, offshore wind.

Material that has already been used and can still be reused or recycled. Examples of waste are glass, paper, aluminum, recyclable plastic, etc. On the other hand, garbage is anything that no longer has a use and cannot be reused or recycled in any way.